-
孔元談意識形態(tài)與帝國政治:戰(zhàn)后美國保守主義的演變與危機
關鍵字: 孔元談意識形態(tài)與帝國政治:戰(zhàn)后美國保守主義的演變與危機特朗普美國保守主義美國保守主義演變發(fā)展美國共和黨政治【注釋】
① 在這個意義上,世界政治呈現出全球主義和本土主義的新對峙,而不再是傳統(tǒng)的左右之分。在這個基礎上,保守主義運動發(fā)展為一場帶有較強色彩的民族主義運動,見下文詳述。參考《經濟學人》2016年7月份的封面專題文章,“The New Political Divide,” The Economist, July, 2016。
② Godfrey Hodgson, America in Our Time: From World War II to Nixon—What Happened and Why, Princeton University Press, 1976, pp. 67-98.
③[美]霍華德?津恩:《美國人民的歷史》,許先春譯,上海人民出版社2001年版,第294頁。
④ 同上,第295頁。
⑤[英]約翰?米克爾思韋特、阿德里安?伍爾德里奇:《右派國家:美國為什么獨一無二》,王傳興譯,北京:中信出版社2014年版,第39—42頁。
⑥[美] 丹尼爾?貝爾:《意識形態(tài)的終結——五十年代政治觀念衰微之考察》,張國清譯,南京:江蘇人民出版社2001年版。
⑦Lionel Trilling, The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society, New York: The New York Review of Books, 1950, Preface.
⑧[美]路易斯?哈茨:《美國的自由主義傳統(tǒng)》,張敏謙譯,北京:中國社會科學出版社2003年版,第49頁。
⑨Eric Voegelin, The New Science of Politics: An Introduction, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1952, p. 126.
⑩指的是理查德?韋弗在1948年出版的《觀念有其后果》,在其中作者反對現代性帶來的理性主義、唯物主義、相對主義和平等主義(大眾社會),主張一種超驗價值、高級真理和等級社會,他認為美國南方是唯一一個保留了這種可能的地方,這體現為它的有組織的封建社會、騎士法則、紳士風格、質樸老舊的宗教性。參見Richard M. Weaver, Ideas Have Consequences, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1948。
11詳見托克維爾1945年在美國出版的《民主在美國》,Alexis De Tocqueville, Democracy in America, translated by Henry Reeve, New York: A. A. Knopf, 1945。
12一個嘗試是拉塞爾?柯克在1953年出版的《保守主義心智》中提煉的保守主義的6項原則:第一,信奉神意社會,政治問題歸根結底是宗教和道德問題;第二,傳統(tǒng)生活的神秘和多樣,而不是多數激進體制下狹隘、統(tǒng)一、平等、功利的目標;第三,文明社會需要秩序、等級和權威;第四,財產和自由不可分割,經濟平等主義不是進步;第五,傳統(tǒng)和習俗能夠制約人類的無政府沖動;第六,改革不一定等于變化,草率創(chuàng)新有可能帶來悲劇。參見Russell Kirk, The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot, Washington: Regnery Publishing, 2001。
13George W. Carey (ed.), Freedom and Virtue: The Conservative / Libertarian Debate, Wilmington: ISI Books, 1998.
14[英]弗雷德里希?奧古斯特?馮?哈耶克:《自由憲章》,楊玉生等譯,北京:中國社會科學出版社1999年版,第575—594頁。
15William Buckley, “A Dilemma of Conservatives, ” The Freeman, No. 5 (August, 1954), p. 52.
16James Burnham, “Is Communism Folding Up?” National Review, No. 17 (July 27, 1965), p. 631.
17James Burnham, Suicide of the West: An Essay on the Meaning and Destiny of Liberalism, New York: Encounter Books, 2014.
18Medford Stanton Evans, Politics of Surrender, New York: Devin-Adair Company, 1966, p. 531.
19Charles Malik, “Challenge to Western Civilization,” in Melvin Laird (ed.), The Conservative Papers, New York: Anchor Books, 1964, pp. 5-6.
20James Burnham, The Struggle for the World, New York: The John Day Company, Inc., 1947, pp. 181-182.
21Frank Meyer, In Defense of Freedom and Related Essays, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1996, p. 19.
22Ibid., p. 39.
23Samuel P. Huntington, “Conservatism as an Ideology,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 51, No. 2(1957), p. 445.
24Donald Critchlow, “Understanding Conservatives,” The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, Vol. 20(2016), pp. 45-47.
25Zack Beauchamp, “A Republican Intellectual Explains Why the Republican Party is Going to Die,” VOX MEDIA, http://www.vox.com/2016/7/25/12256510/republican-party
-trump-avik-roy.
26Michael Lind, “A Tragedy of Errors,” The Nation, February 23, 2004, pp. 23-31.
27Irving Kristol, “What Is a Neoconservative?” in Iring Kristol, Gertrude Himmelfarb, & William Kristol(eds.), The Neoconservative Persuasion: Selected Essays, 1942-2009, New York: Basic Books, 2011, pp. 148-150.
28Irving Kristol, “The Right Stuff,” in Iring Kristol,Gertrude Himmelfarb, & William Kristol(eds.), The Neoconservative Persuasion: Selected Essays, 1942-2009, New York: Basic Books, 2011, pp. 184-185.
29 Michael Harrington, The Twilight of Capitalism, London: The Macmillan Press, 1976, pp. 265-292.
30B. Bruce-Briggs, “An Introduction to the Idea of the New Class,” in B. Bruce-Briggs (ed.), The New Class?, New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1979, pp. 1-18; Peter Steinfels, The Neoconservatives: The Origins of a Movement: With a New Foreword, From Dissent to Political Power, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013, pp. 198-224.
31一個晚近的著作,參考[美]詹姆斯?C?斯科特:《國家的視角:那些試圖改善人類狀況的項目是如何失敗的》,王曉毅譯,北京:社會科學文獻出版社2004年版。
32Irving Kristol, “The Neoconservative Persuasion,” in Iring Kristol, Gertrude Himmelfarb, & William Kristol(eds.), The Neoconservative Persuasion: Selected Essays, 1942-2009, New York: Basic Books, 2011, p. 191.
33Irving Kristol, “The Ironies of Neo-Isolationism,” in Iring Kristol, Gertrude Himmelfarb, & William Kristol(eds.), The Neoconservative Persuasion: Selected Essays, 1942-2009, New York: Basic Books, 2011, p. 199.
34Michael Lind, The Next American Nation: The New Nationalism and the Fourth American Revolution, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
35Irving Kristol, “The Neoconservative Persuasion,” p. 182.
36Ibid., p. 193.
37Norman Podhoretz, “Making the World Safe for Communism,” Commentary, Vol. 61, Iss. 4 (April, 1976), p. 39.
38Jeane Kirkpatrick, “Dictatorships and Double Standards,” Commentary, Vol. 68 (November, 1979), pp. 34-45.
39George Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945, Wilmington: ISI Books, 2006, p. 331.
40Paul Gottfried and Thomas Fleming, The Conservative Movement, Woodbridge: Twayne Publishers, 1988, pp. 77-95.
41Tevi Troy, “How GOP Intellectuals’Feud with the Base is Remaking U. S. Politics,” Politico Magazine, http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/conservative-intellectuals-gop-base-split-republican-party-213821#ixzz4MPRlRmYM.
42William Kristol & Robert Kagan, “Toward a Neo-Reaganite Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, July/August, 1996.
43[美] 弗朗西斯?福山:《美國處在十字路口:民主、權力與新保守主義的遺產》,周琪譯,北京:中國社會科學出版社2008年版,第11頁。
44Joseph Scotchie, The Paleoconservatives: New Voices of the Old Right, Piscataway: Transaction Publishers, 1999, p. 2.
45參見Dan Himmelfarb, “Conservative Splits,” Commentary, Vol. 85, Iss. 5 (May, 1988), pp. 54-58。
46Ernest van den Haag, “The War between Paleos and Neos,” National Review, Vol. 41, Iss. 3 (February, 1989), p. 21.
47Samuel Francis, Beautiful Losers: Essay on the Failure of American Conservatism, Columbia:University of Missouri Press, 1993, p. 12.
48Dan Himmelfarb, “Conservative Splits,” Commentary, Vol. 85, Iss. 5 (May, 1988), p. 58.
49Justin Raimondo, Reclaiming the American Right: The Lost Legacy of the Conservative Movement, Wilmington: ISI Books, 2008, p. ix.
50Jeremy Beer (ed.), American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia, Wilmington: ISI Books, 2006, p. 652.
51主要見于塞繆爾?弗朗西斯關于伯恩漢姆的研究文章,如Samuel Francis, Power and History, The Political Thought of James Burnham, Lanham: University Press of America, 1984。一個晚近的表達,參見Julius Krein, “James Burnham’s Managerial Elite,” American Affairs, Vol. I, No. 1 (Spring 2017), pp. 126-151。
52Jeremy Beer (ed.), American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia, Wilmington: ISI Books, 2006, p. 652.
53Ben Wattenberg, The First Universal Nation: Leading Indicators and Ideas about the Surge of America in the 1990s, New York: Free Press, 1992, p. 24.
54William A. Rusher, “Saddam Hussein and Us,” National Review, Vol. 42, Iss. 21(November 5, 1990),p. 60.
55Robert W. Tucker & David C. Hendrickson, The Imperial Temptation: The New World Order and America’s Purpose, New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992, p. 210.
56Joseph Sobran, “Why National Review Is Wrong,” National Review, Vol. 42, Iss. 20(October 15, 1990), p. 92.
57Russell Kirk, “The Neoconservatives: An Endangered Species,” in Russell Kirk(ed.), The Politics of Prudence, Wilmington: ISI Books, 1993.
58David Frum and Richard Perle, An End to Evil: How to Win the War on Terror, New York: Random House, 2003, p. 163.
59Jeremy Beer (ed.), American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia, p. 423.
60Peter Skerry, “Borders and Quotas: Immigration and the Affirmative Action State,” The Public Interest, No. 96 (Summer 1989), p. 88.
61David Frum, “Unpatriotic Conservatives: A War against America,” National Review, April 7, 2003, pp. 32-40.
62[美]邁克爾?哈特、[意]安東尼奧?奈格里:《帝國——全球化的政治秩序》,楊建國、范一亭譯,南京:江蘇人民出版社2005年版。
63Noah Rothman, “Will the GOP Reject Their Lifeline?” Commentary, August 29, 2016, https://www.commentarymagazine.com/politics-ideas/campaigns-elections/will-the-gop-reject-lifeline-donald-trump/.
64David Rutz, “Trump: This is the Republican Party, It’s not Called the Conservative Party,” The Washington Free Beacon, http://freebeacon.com/politics/trump-republican-party-not-called-conservative-party/.
65Allum Bokhari & Milo Yiannopoulos, “An Establishment Conservative’s Guide to the Alt-Right,” Breitbart, http://www.breitbart.com/tech/2016/03/29/an-establishment-conservatives-guide-to-the-alt-right/.
66“14”來自于構成“我們必須確保我們人民的生存和白人孩子的未來”句子的英文單詞數量(We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children),“88”是“希特勒萬歲”(Heil Hilter)兩個英文首字母H在字母表中的順序。
67Rosie Gray, “How 2015 Fueled the Rise of the Freewheeling, White Nationalist Alt Right Movement,” BuzzFeed News, https://www.buzzfeed.com/rosiegray/how-2015-fueled-the-rise-of-the-freewheeling-white-nationali?utm_term=.yb8EMwMQmW#.gl6Gaga3P8.
68參見兩篇關于班農的報道文章,《特朗普首席策略師史蒂夫?班農如何看世界?》,觀察者網,http://cxkknvh.com/BuzzFeed/2017_02_13_393920.shtml;《尼克希爾?索納德:史蒂夫?班農到底想要什么?》,觀察者網,http://cxkknvh.com/NikhilSonnad/2017_02_23_395621.shtml。
69“達沃斯黨”指代參加每年一度的世界經濟論壇(World Economic Forum)的全球精英。由于該論壇在瑞士小鎮(zhèn)達沃斯舉辦,它又被稱為達沃斯論壇,這些與會精英也就被稱為“達沃斯精英”或者“達沃斯黨”。
70[美]理查德?羅蒂:《筑就我們的國家:20世紀美國左派思想》,黃宗英譯,北京:生活?讀書?新知三聯書店2014年版,第64頁。
71Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Democracy: The God That Failed, The Economics and Politics of Monarchy, Democracy, and Natural Order, Piscataway: Transaction Publishers, 2001.
72汪暉:《再問“什么的平等“?——論當代政治形式與社會形式的脫節(jié)(上)》,載《文化縱橫》2011年第5期。
73Klint Finley, “Geeks for Monarchy: The Rise of the Neoreactionaries,” TechCrunch, https://techcrunch.com/2013/11/22/geeks-for-monarchy/.
74Nick Land, “The Dark Enlightenment,” The Dark Enlightenment, http://www.thedarkenlightenment.com/the-
dark-enlightenment-by-nick-land/#part3.
75Gregory Hood, “What is a Cuckservative?” American Renaissance, July 24, 2015, https://www.amren.com/news/2015/07/what-is-a-cuckservative/.
76Mencius Moldbug, “An Open Letter to Open-minded Progressives,” http://unqualified-reservations.blogspot.com/2008/04/open-letter-to-open-minded-progressives.html.
77Nancy Fraser, “The End of Progressive Neoliberalism,” https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/progressive-neoliberalism-reactionary-populism-nancy-fraser.
78Nick Land, “The Dark Enlightenment”.
79Joshua Mitchell, “A Renewed Republican Party,” American Affairs, Vol. Ⅰ, No. 1 (Spring 2017), pp. 8-9.
80Ernest Mandel, Trotsky as Alternative, New York: Verso, 1995, p. 107.
- 原標題:意識形態(tài)與帝國政治:戰(zhàn)后美國保守主義的演變與危機 本文僅代表作者個人觀點。
- 責任編輯:李泠
-
最新聞 Hot
-
目睹這些場景,良心不會痛嗎
-
“金磚為什么火?因為沒走西方拉幫結派的老路”
-
“公用火力發(fā)電比例高于中國,美領導地位?!?/a>
-
他倆定期“秘密對話”?克宮回應
-
以色列襲擊黎巴嫩南部,致3名記者死亡
-
美衛(wèi)星解體恐殃及中國,“很難評估有多糟糕”
-
怕特朗普攪局,歐盟擬加碼“長期維持”對俄制裁
-
“伊朗已下令準備開戰(zhàn),考慮發(fā)射1000枚導彈回擊”
-
英國國王承認了,但也沒有提賠償
-
美國發(fā)布首份AI備忘錄,“得防中國戰(zhàn)略突襲”
-
“英國軍情五處完全在胡說八道”
-
普京回應“朝軍援俄”傳聞
-
被批“中國有支票美國有清單”,他又畫餅忽悠…
-
又嗆上了:野蠻人也好意思自詡捍衛(wèi)文明…
-
沒中國能成嗎?澳大利亞部長這么說
-
特朗普威脅襲擊莫斯科市中心?普京回應
-